Evaluación de la efectividad y satisfacción de las pacientes tras miomectomía histeroscópica en consulta / Evaluation of effectiveness and patient satisfaction of hysteroscopic myomectomy in office

OBJETIVO: Analizar la efectividad de las miomectomías histeroscópicas en consulta realizadas con minirresector y conocer si hay factores relacionados con el grado de satisfacción de las pacientes. MÉTODO: Estudio observacional, transversal y prospectivo, de mujeres sometidas a miomectomía histeroscópica en consulta durante el año 2018. Las pacientes recibieron medicación para la preparación cervical, analgesia oral y anestesia paracervical. La miomectomía se realizó con un minirresector de 5.8 mm. Se registraron el tiempo y el dolor en una escala visual analógica (EVA) durante la entrada y la resección, así como la satisfacción de las pacientes a los 3 meses con el cuestionario validado CSQ-8. RESULTADOS: El estudio incluyó 59 pacientes. El tiempo medio de entrada fue menor de 1 minuto (47,93 segundos) y el de resección fue de 13,51 minutos. El dolor referido por las pacientes en la EVA durante la entrada y la resección puntuó en torno a 3 y 4, respectivamente. Se consiguió un 74.6% de resecciones completas de los miomas y la puntuación media de satisfacción de las pacientes fue de 27.17. La resección completa del mioma se asoció con una mayor satisfacción total de las pacientes. CONCLUSIONES: La miomectomía histeroscópica en consulta llevada a cabo con un minirresector de 5.8 mm con analgesia paracervical obtiene buenos resultados clínicos, con buena satisfacción de las pacientes. Esta última se relaciona con una resección completa del mioma, sin que influyan el tiempo necesario para su exéresis ni el dolor.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effectiveness of hysteroscopic myomectomy in office performed with mini-resectoscope, and to know if there is any variable related with patient satisfaction. METHOD: Observational and prospective transversal study, which included all women who underwent a hysteroscopic myomectomy in office in 2018. Patients received drugs for cervical preparation and pain management, as well as paracervical block. We used the 5.8 mm mini-resectoscope. We kept record of time and AVS pain during entrance and resection, as well as patient satisfaction 3 months after the procedure using the CSQ-8. RESULTS: The study included 59 patients. Mean entrance time was less than 1 minute (47.93 seconds), while mean resection time was 13.51 minutes. AVS pain during entrance and resection was around 3 and 4, respectively. We achieved 74.6% rate of complete resection. Mean patient satisfaction rate was 27.17 points. We found that a complete myoma resection is related to higher patient satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: Hysteroscopic myomectomy in office performed with the 5.8 mm mini-resectoscope, using cervical block, achieves good clinical results and a good patient satisfaction. Patient satisfaction is associated with a complete resection of the myoma, without any influence of pain experienced or time required.

Comparative Study on Hysteroscopic and Histologic Examinations of the Endometrium in Postmenopausal Women Taking Tamoxifen

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the histologic effects of tamoxifen on the endometrium using hysteroscopy in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. METHODS: The study included 46 postmenopausal patients who were referred from another clinic due to thickening or bleeding of the endometrium after taking tamoxifen for breast cancer. All patients underwent transvaginal sonography (TVS) and hysteroscopic endometrial biopsy with a 5-mm, continuous-flow, operating hysteroscope. RESULTS: The incidence of malignancy was high (20%) in cases of abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) after taking tamoxifen. However, in the non-AUB group with thick endometrium after taking tamoxifen, the incidence of adenocarcinoma was 3.2%. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings confirm the estrogen-like effect of tamoxifen on the endometrium. Endometrial evaluation with TVS suggests further diagnostic procedures; moreover, histologic examination is necessary under hysteroscopy, especially in cases of endometrial bleeding after taking tamoxifen.

Histeroscopia de consultorio: evaluación del dolor / Office hysteroscopy: pain assessment

Objetivo: Evaluar el dolor durante la histeroscopia de consultorio, sin anestesia e investigar los factores relacionados. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo, descriptivo, analítico y de corte transversal en una población de 309 pacientes de la Maternidad “Concepción Palacios” que acudieron al Servicio de Ginecología entre agosto 2010 y agosto 2011, quienes tenían indicación para histeroscopia. Se registraron antecedentes y datos clínicos relacionados con la percepción del dolor, así como la intensidad de dolor percibida mediante una escala análoga de 0 al 10. Resultados: Se obtuvo una media de percepción de dolor de 2,9. La percepción de dolor fue leve en 56.%, dolor moderado: 36,2 %, dolor intenso: 4,9 %, dolor intolerable: 2,9 %, nada de dolor: 4,2 %. No se encontró relación entre la percepción de dolor y la edad, paridad, estado hormonal, indicación del estudio ni tipo de procedimiento. El 60,6 % de las pacientes con cuello permeable, presentaron dolor leve, mientras que las que tenían sinequias o estenosis lo presentaron en 25,5 % y 31, 3 % respectivamente. Con cuello permeable hubo 0,4 % de dolor intolerable y en presencia de sinequias la cifra fue 12,5 % (P<0,05). 88,8.% de las pacientes con dolor intolerable presentaban estenosis o sinequias. Conclusiones: La histeroscopia de consultorio es un procedimiento bien tolerado por la mayoría de las pacientes; es independiente de la paridad, condición hormonal, indicación del estudio, edad y tipo de procedimiento. La percepción de dolor fue mayor en pacientes con estenosis o sinequias cervicales.

Objective: Assess pain during no anesthesia office hysteroscopy and investigate related factors. Method: Prospective, descriptive, analytical and cross-section study in a population of 309 patients who attended the gynaecology service of Maternidad Concepción Palacios between August 2010 and August 2011, who had indication for hysteroscopy. Background and clinical data was collected, relating to the perception of pain, as well as the intensity of pain perceived by means of an analog scale of 0 to 10. Results: An average of 2.9 pain perception. The perception of pain was mild in 56 %, moderate pain: 36.2 %, severe pain: 4.9 %, intolerable pain: 2.9 %, none of pain: 4.2 per cent. No relationship was found between the perception of pain and age, parity, hormonal state, indication of the study or type of procedure. 60.6 % of patients with permeable cervix presented mild pain, while if they had adhesions or stenosis the mild pain was present in 25.5 % and 31, 3 % respectively. With permeable cervix there was 0.4 % of intolerable pain and in the presence of adhesions was only 12.5 % (P < 0,05), 88.8 % of patients with intolerable pain had cervical stenosis or adhesions. Conclusions: Office hysteroscopy is a procedure well tolerated by most patients; It is independent of parity, hormonal condition, indication of the study, age and type of procedure. The perception of pain was greater in patients with cervical stenosis or adhesions.

Get "real" with hysteroscopy using the pig bladder: a "uterine" model for hysteroscopy training

<p><b>INTRODUCTION</b>This study aimed to develop a realistic and lifelike uterine model for the training of hysteroscopy skills.</p><p><b>MATERIALS AND METHODS</b>A lifelike "uterine" model was constructed using female pig bladder. The pig bladder was enclosed within a malleable mould, with both ureters blocked by pins. Both rigid and flexible hysteroscopes were used in this study.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Basic diagnostic hysteroscopy can be performed in the usual fashion using this lifelike model. The cost of each learning station is minimal. Pig bladder accurately simulates the human uterus with its realistic tactile feel, and conditions in the surgical environment, including obscuration of vision by debris, uterine "folds", realistic "ostia", incomplete shearing of tissue, "uterine" perforation, etc.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>This low-cost novel model provides realistic tissue resistance and yields an almost anatomically accurate hysteroscopic training tool, thereby allowing trainees to effectively acquire both diagnostic and therapeutic hysteroscopic skills.</p>

True unicornuate uterus- Pseudounicornuate uterus

A 27 year old patient presented with primary infertility of 3 years' duration and also a history of myomectomy [5 years ago] was referred to our infertility clinic for investigation of infertility. The latest Hysterosalpingography [HSG] revealed an obstructed left fallopian tube with apparently a unicornuate uterus with luminal contour irregularity and normal left fallopian tube [Figure 1]. Significant information in her past medical history revealed that she had another HSG two years before and her first hysterosalpingography [HSG] showed a apparently unicornuate uterus. Additional significant information in comparison with second HSG revealed that both fallopian tubes were opacified [Figure 2]. In this case medical history also included hysteroscopic diagnosis of adhesion following open myomectomy at the age of 22. Comparison of previous graphies and hysteroscpic findings lead to a suggestion of pseudounicornuate uterus. Intrauterine adhesions develop after trauma to the basal layer of the endometrium. Unilateral excessive scarring of the uterus may lead to an obliteration of the uterine lumen resulting in an image that can mimic a unicornuate uterus [pseudounicornuate uterus] [1]. A true unicornuate uterus should be excluded from pseudounicornuate uterus by a] horizontally oriented in its long axis due to deficient development of mullerian ducts b] smooth or regular contour c] with one tube. While pseudounicornuate uterus look like acquired lesion and cicatrisation leads to a usually irregular contour and uterus is more vertical in its long axis [2]. Obtaining an accurate history, comparison of previous sonographic or laparoscopic findings, and awareness about this image of synechiae are the critical steps in differentiating a pseudounicornuate uterus from true unicornuate uterus

O valor da histeroscopia diagnóstica com biópsia no pré-operatório de ablação endometrial / The value of diagnostic hysteroscopy with biopsy in the preoperative of endometrial ablation

Objective: To assess the value of diagnostic hysteroscopy with biopsy in the preoperative preparation for endometrial ablation. Methods: It was a prospective non-randomized study conducted at the division of Gynecologic Endoscopy of Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual "Francisco Morato de Oliveira" from March 2007 to May 2009. A total of 45 patients with abnormal uterine bleeding, and referred to endometrial ablation were included. All women underwent a diagnostic hysteroscopy, and were treated with a GnRH analogous - goserelin - 10.8 mg before surgery. The endometrial ablation was performed with a surgical resectoscope. Patients were submitted to one directed endometrial biopsy, one guided endometrial biopsy with Novak curette, and to endometrial ablation, which was considered as reference for pathological examination with samples from the biopsies. Data were analyze using the SPSS-v16 software, and considered significance at p = 0.05. Results: The mean age of women was 44.20 years (33-56), parity of 2.67 (0-9), uterus size of 139.99 calculated in cc (42-278), and the mean duration of symptoms was 3.68 years (0.5-15). The guided endometrial biopsy showed sensitivity of 80% for endometrium without atypia, and the directed endometrial biopsy had sensitivity of 60%. For proliferative endometrium the directed endometrial biopsy showed sensitivity of 76 and 100% for secretory endometrium, which was higher than the guided endometrial biopsy with 53 and 50%, respectively. Conclusion: The directed biopsy before endometrial ablation had lower sensitivity than guided biopsy for endometrium without atypia, however it was higher for proliferative and secretory endometrium.

Objetivo: Analisar o valor da biópsia de endométrio no pré-operatório de ablação endometrial. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo não randomizado realizado no setor de Endoscopia Ginecológica do Hospital do Servidor Estadual "Francisco Morato de Oliveira" de março de 2007 a maio de 2009, de 45 pacientes encaminhadas por sangramento uterino anormal com indicação de ablação do endométrio. Todas as pacientes tinham histeroscopia diagnóstica prévia à cirurgia e receberam análogo de GnRH - goserelina - 10,8 mg subcutânea no pré-operatório. A ablação de endométrio foi realizada com ressectoscópio cirúrgico. Foram realizadas: uma biópsia dirigida, uma biópsia orientada com cureta de Novak e, em seguida, a ablação, enviando-se o produto dessa (considerado como referência) e o das biópsias para exame anatomopatológico. O teste exato de Fisher foi utilizado para comparar os três tipos de biópsia. Nível de significância foi estabelecido em p = 0,05. Resultados: A média de idade das pacientes foi de 44,20 anos (33-56), paridade de 2,67 filhos (0-9), volume uterino 139,99 cc (42-278) e sintomas em anos média de 3,68 (0,5-15). A biópsia orientada apresentou para endométrio sem atipias maior sensibilidade (80%) que a biópsia dirigida (60%). Para o resultado de endométrio proliferativo e secretor, a biópsia dirigida apresentou sensibilidade de 76 e 100%, respectivamente, superior à orientada (53 e 50%). Conclusão: A biópsia dirigida prévia à ablação do endométrio tem menor sensibilidade que a orientada para endométrio sem atipias, porém maior para endométrio proliferativo e secretor.

Comparação entre ultrassonografia transvaginal e histerossonografia na avaliação de pacientes com sangramento uterino anormal / Comparison between transvaginal ultrasonography and sonohysterography in the assessment of patients with abnormal uterine bleeding

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a eficácia da ultrassonografia transvaginal (USTV) e da histerossonografia (HSG) e compará-las na avaliação de alterações endometriais em portadoras de sangramento uterino anormal. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com 30 pacientes, idade entre 29 e 71 anos, 21 delas (70 por cento) na pré-menopausa e 9 (30 por cento) na pós-menopausa. Utilizou-se solução salina a 0,9 por cento para contraste na HSG. Foi considerado o achado histeroscópico e/ou histopatológico como método padrão. Utilizou-se o teste de MacNemar para comparação dos testes diagnósticos. RESULTADOS: A histeroscopia diagnosticou 18 casos (60 por cento) de alterações intracavitárias, sendo 10 pólipos (33,3 por cento). A USTV apresentou sensibilidade e especificidade de 83,3 por cento e a HSG mostrou sensibilidade de 94,4 por cento e especificidade de 91,6 por cento. O teste de MacNemar evidenciou sensibilidade (p = 0,500) e especificidade (p = 1,000) semelhantes entre a USTV e a HSG para detecção de alterações endometriais. No diagnóstico de pólipo, a HSG apresentou maior sensibilidade (90,9 por cento × 27,3 por cento; p = 0,016), com especificidade semelhante (89,5 por cento × 94,7 por cento; p = 1,000). CONCLUSÃO: A HSG e a USTV apresentam boas taxas de predição para doenças endometriais em pacientes com sangramento uterino anormal. A HSG apresenta sensibilidade e especificidade semelhantes às da USTV na detecção dessas doenças, porém apresenta sensibilidade maior para pólipos.

OBJECTIVE: To comparatively evaluate the effectiveness of transvaginal ultrasonography (TVUS) and sonohysterography (SHG) in the assessment of endometrial diseases in women with abnormal uterine bleeding. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 30 patients, aged from 29 to 71 years, 21 (70 percent) of them premenopausal and 9 (30 percent) postmenopausal. Saline solution (at 9 percent) was utilized as contrast agent for SHG. The MacNemar test was utilized for comparison of diagnostic studies. RESULTS: Hysteroscopy diagnosed 18 cases (60 percent) of intracavitary alterations, and 10 polyps (33.3 percent). TVUS demonstrated 83.3 percent sensitivity and specificity, and SHG showed 94.4 percent sensitivity and 91.6 percent specificity. The MacNemar test showed similar sensitivity (p = 0.500) and specificity (p = 1.000) between TVUS and SHG in the detection of endometrial diseases. In the diagnosis of polyp, SHG showed the highest sensitivity (90.9 percent vs. 27.3 percent; p = 0.016) with similar specificity (89.5 percent vs. 94.7 percent; p = 1.000). CONCLUSION: SHG and TVUS present a good predictive value for endometrial diseases in patients with abnormal uterine bleeding. SHG and TVUS present similar sensitivity and specificity in the detection of such diseases, but SHG is more sensitive in the detection of polyps.

Histerectomía laparoscópica: una nueva alternativa en cirugía endoscópica: experiencia Servicio de Cirugía General: Hospital General "Dr. José Ignacio Baldo" / Laparoscopy hysterectomy: a new alternative in endoscopy surgery: Hospital General “Dr. José Ignacio Baldó”

Iniciar la práctica y evaluar el rol de la histerectomía laparoscópica, en el tratamiento de la patología uterina benigna. Estudio, prospectivo, descriptivo; que incluye II histerectomías laparoscópicas, cumpliendo con criterios de inclusión y exclusión. En las pacientes incluidas, se midió: edad, índice de masa corporal, paridad, antecedentes de cirugías pélvicas, diagnóstico preoperatorio, volumen uterino, tiempo quirúrgico, hemoglobina/hematocrito preoperatorios y postoperatorias, estancia hospitalaria y complicaciones postoperatorias. La intensidad del dolor se midió utilizando escala visual análoga. En cada caso se describe la técnica quirúrgica. Todas las pacientes fueron operadas previo consentimiento informado. La edad promedio fue 45.27 años. El índice de masa corporal promedio fue 27.08 Kg/m2. La paridad promedio fue de 2 partos. El 45,5% de las pacientes tuvieron antecedentes de cirugías pélvicas de hasta 2 intervenciones. La indicación quirúrgica en el 81.8% de los casos fue fibromatosis uterina. El volumen uterino promedio fue 153,82 cm3. El tiempo quirúrgico promedio fue 117,14 minutos. La estancia hospitalaria promedio fue 48 horas. La intensidad del dolor postoperatorio, promedio fue 3,45 puntos. Un caso presentó distensión abdominal durante el postoperatorio inmediato; y otro, hematuria transitoria. El sangrado genital se presentó en 3 pacientes, escaso y autolimitado. La histerectomía laparoscópica es una técnica factible y segura; es menos invasiva y proporciona una rápida recuperación. Recomendamos continuar la práctica de esta técnica, para reunir una muestra poblacional que permita estandarizar el procedimiento, y realizar estudios comparativos, que permitan establecer la vía laparoscópica como de elección en el tratamiento de la patología uterina benigna.

To initiate the practice and evaluation of laparoscopic hysterectomy, in the treatment of benign uterine pathology. A prospective and descriptive study; it includes II laparoscopic hysterectomies, that complied with the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The following parameters where measured: age, body mass index, deliveries, previous pelvic surgeries, admission diagnosis, uterine volume, operation time. Pre-operative and post-operative hemoglobin and hematocrit, hospital stay post operative complications. Pain was measured using an analogic visual scale. In each case the surgical technique was described. All patients had written consent of the procedure. The average age was 45,27 years. The average body mass index was 27,08 kg/m². The average number of deliveries was 2. 45.5% the patients had 2 pelvic surgeries previously. In 81,8% the admission diagnosis was uterine fibromatosis. The average uterine volume was 153.82 cm³. The average surgical time was 117,14 minutes. The average hospital stay was 48 hours. The intensity of post operative pain was 3,43 on average. One case presented with abdominal distention in the immediate postoperative time, and other, transient hematuria. Genital bleeding was seen on 3 patients, on very small amount and limited. The laparoscopic hysterectomy is a feasible and sure technique, is less invasive and it provides a rapid recovery. We recommend the continuous practice of this technique, to obtain a sufficient sample that would lead to the standardization of the procedure and to make further comparative studies that would permit the laparoscopic access as the standard of care in benign uterine pathology.

Clinical Applications of Hysteroscopic Surgery in Postmenopausal Women / 대한폐경학회지

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the spectrum of hysteroscopic surgery to be extended. METHODS: Forty-three women who underwent hysteroscopic procedures with Urione(R) solution or normal saline as distension media between March 2001 and March 2009 were randomized. The clinical characteristics, laboratory data, and post-operative results were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: The following hysteroscopic procedures were performed: endometrial biopsy, 26; endometrial polypectomy, 8; myomectomy, 7; ablation for dysfunctional uterine bleeding and endometrial hyperplasia, 1; and excision of an endometrial mass, 1. The mean size of the myomas was 3.2 cm. The average duration of hospitalization was 2 days. The average change in hemoglobin was 1.1 g/dl. The mean operative time was 36 minutes. CONCLUSION: The indications for hysteroscopic procedures can be extended. Pure intramural myomas, submucosal myomas, endometrial polyps, adenomyosis, endometrial hyperplasia, hydrometra, and abnormal uterine bleeding can be treated via a hysteroscope. Intra-operative transabdominal ultrasonographic guidance can be helpful during hysteroscopic procedures, and reduces the complication and morbidity rates.

Dilutional hyponatremia developed during hysteroscopic myomectomy: A case report / 대한마취과학회지

Hysteroscopy is a procedure that may appear minimally invasive, but may result in potentially disastrous complications. A hysteroscopy requires the insertion of a hysteroscope into the uterine cavity and the installation of a suitable distention medium for the visualization of the endometrium. Fluid overload due to the absorption of distention media during hysteroscopy can cause mild to severe complications, including hyponatremia, hypoosmolarity, nausea, vomiting, headache, arrhythmia, blindness, confusion, seizure, cerebral edema, brain herniation, and death. We report a case of a 41 year-old female patient who underwent elective hysteroscopic myomectomy under general anesthesia. Approximately 4 hours after the beginning of the surgery, the patient's serum sodium concentration dropped to 109 mM. She was treated with furosemide and recovered without sequelae.

Pulmonary edema and hyponatremia after hysteroscopic uterine septectomy : A case report

The hysteroscope has become a standard part of gynecologists' armamentarium, and hysteroscopy is taught routinely in residency curriculums. In recent years, its use in gynecology has changed from a diagnostic tool only to an instrument for gynecologic operations. An electrolyte-free irrigation fluid is used for hysteroscopic surgery, and it has a possibility of substantial absorption of irrigation fluid. The absorption depends on the rate, volume and nature of the irrigation fluid. Fortunately, large-scale fluid absorption is rare but leads to symptoms severe enough to require intensive care. Several methods have been proposed to reduce the risk but none of them is capable of preventing the complication from fluid absorption. In this case, the patient had pulmonary interstitial edema with hyponatremia after hysteroscopic uterine septectomy but that had resolved without sequelae.

Prevalence and perinatal mortality of cord prolapse and presentation

To analyse the prevalence and perinatal mortality in cord prolapse. All cases of cord prolapse managed in gynae unit 3 at Sir Ganga Ram Hospital were identified. From 20 March 2004 to 20 March 2005. 23 patients of cord prolapse and presentation were identified During this time 5408 births took place giving a prevalence of I in 235 total births which comes upto 0.42%. There were 6 cases of cord presentation [0.11%] and 17 cases of cord prolapse [0.31%].19 cases were born alive[82.6%]. There were 4 still births giving a still birth rate of 17.4% or 174/1000 births with cord prolapse and presentation. One neonatal death occurred among 19 live born babies giving a rate of 5.21% or 52.1/1000 live births. The uncorrected perinatal mortality was 217/1000 births or 21.7% with cord prolapse and presentation. Cord prolapse and presentation occur with prevalence of 0.43% The perinatal mortality rate in this series was 21.7% of births with cord prolapse and presentation

Transcervical embryoscopy in missed abortion / 대한산부인과학회지

OBJECTIVE: Approximately 15-20% of all clinically recognized pregnancies result in spontaneous abortion and 60-70% of these are attributable to detectable chromosome abnormalities. Although the incidence of first trimester losses is high, spontaneous abortion material is often poorly described from a development perspective. The purpose of this study was to determine the usefulness of transcervical embryoscopy in diagnosing localized and generalized defects in the embryonic morphogenesis of missed abortions. The embryoscopic findings are supplemented by the results of cytogenetic analysis in all cases. METHODS: In this study, consisted of 26 women with the final diagnosis of missed abortion between August 1, 2003 and October 31, 2003 in Samsung Cheil Hospital. Prior to the instrumental evacuation of the uterus a rigid hysteroscope was passed transcervically into the amniotic cavity to obtain a detail view of the embryo. Karyotyping was done in all cases included in this study. RESULTS: Visualization of embryo or early fetus was successful in 24 cases. Among 24 examined cases, 21 cases had successful karyotype and as a result 11 (11/21, 52.4%) had abnormal karyotype. Among 21 cases which had successful karyope, 4 (4/21, 19.0%) had normal external features, 10 (10/21, 47.6%) had classified as growth-disorganized and 7 (7/21, 33.3%) had either isolated or multiple defects, including facial dysplasia, delayed limb development, facial fusion to chest, umbilical cyst, brownish discoloration of ventral part and increased nuchal thickness. Of the morphologically normal and growth-disorganized embryo in embryoscopic examination, only 1 and 4 (1/4, 25.0% and 4/10, 40.0%) had a abnormal karyotype. In contrast, of the morphologically abnormal embryo in embryoscopic examination, 5 (5/7, 71.4%) had a abnormal karyotype. CONCLUSION: Transcervical embryoscopy permits visualization of the embryo in utero, unaffected by the damage usually caused by its instrumental evacuation or spontaneous passage. This technique can be a helpful tool for understanding human embryonic malformations and genetic counseling for parents. Futhermore, correlation of morphological and cytogenetic findings in spontaneous abortion specimens could provide the need of further evaluation for future pregnancies in couples which had fear of repeated abortions. But, more larger scaled controlled study is needed for widely use of transcervical embryoscopy in missed abortion.

Transcervical endometrial resection when hysterectomy is dangerous.

Severe blood loss from dysfunctional uterine bleeding may be refractory to medical therapy and hysterectomy the only option. In two young women with severe bleeding where medical measures were ineffective and hysterectomy was a hazardous option, we performed a transcervical endometrial resection. In both of them the bleeding stopped immediately and no further treatment was required for dysfunctional uterine bleeding. They have had amenorrhea now for over six months. Transcervical endometrial resection is an option when hysterectomy is hazardous and the bleeding is refractory to medical treatment.

Significance of negative hysteroscopic view in abnormal uterine bleeding.

Ninety six cases of abnormal uterine bleeding were evaluated by both panoramic hysteroscopy and dilatation and curettage. The indications for hysteroscopy included postmenopausal bleeding, infertility with abnormal bleeding, abnormal bleeding and suspected leiomyoma with bleeding. Twenty three patients had abnormal hysteroscopy findings. Hysteroscopy diagnosed endometrial polyp and submucus leiomyoma with 100% accuracy. In 17 cases, the results of hysteroscopy and curettage were in agreement and hysteroscopy revealed more information than curettage in 6 cases. Among the remaining 73 cases with 'negative' hysteroscopic view, an abnormality was detected by tissue sampling in only 2 patients. The specificity and positive predictive value of hysteroscopy is 100%. The sensitivity of hysteroscopy was greater (92%) than that of curettage (76%) and the negative predictive value of hysteroscopy was 2.8%. Thus, panoramic hysteroscopy may prove to be superior to curettage in making an accurate diagnosis of intrauterine pathology.